Microorganisms used for bioleaching of metals from typical solid wastes and their leaching mechanism: a review / 生物工程学报

Typical solid wastes contain many metal resources, which are worthy of recycling. The bioleaching of typical solid waste is affected by multiple factors. Green and efficient recovery of metals based on the characterization of leaching microorganisms and the elucidation of leaching mechanisms may contribute to the implementation of China's "dual carbon" strategic goals. This paper reviews various types of microorganisms used for leaching metals from typical solid wastes, analyzes the action mechanism of metallurgical microorganisms, and prospects the application of metallurgical microorganisms to facilitate the application of metallurgical microorganisms in typical solid wastes.

Outbreak investigation of lead neurotoxicity in children from artificial jewelry cottage industry

BACKGROUND@#Although lead neurotoxicity is a known phenomenon, it can often be missed at a primary or secondary care level especially if detailed environmental exposure history is missed.@*METHODS@#This is an outbreak investigation where we observed 15 pediatric cases with neurologic signs and symptoms clustered in a slum area known for an unorganized artificial jewelry industry. Their clinical, biochemical, and epidemiological features were compared with 14 other children from the same region reporting with non-neurological symptoms who were considered as unmatched controls.@*RESULTS@#Cases with neurological manifestations had a higher in-house lead smelting activity [OR 7.2 (95% CI 1.4-38.3)] as compared to controls. Toddlers below 3 years of age were more vulnerable to the effects of lead.@*CONCLUSION@#This study emphasizes that many focal sources of lead poisoning still remain especially in the unorganized sector. In cases presenting with unexplained neurotoxicity, specific occupational and environmental inquiry for chemical poisoning, with special consideration for lead, should be actively pursued.

Spinal Deformity Surgery : It Becomes an Essential Part of Neurosurgery

Among the spinal disorders, the treatment approach for spinal deformities has been discussed least among department of neurosurgery. But nowadays, more and more neurosurgeons are interested in spinal deformities as well as complex spinal disorders and are doing not a few surgeries for these kinds of disease. Nevertheless, it is mandatory to understand the course of spinal deformity, principles of treatment, and surgical outcomes and complications. Understanding of the biology, biomechanics and metallurgy of the spine and instrumentation are also required for successful spinal deformity surgery. We need senior mentors and good surgical and neurophysiologic monitoring team. Knowledge of spinal deformity may be augmented with spine fellowships and surgical experience. Step by step training such as basic knowledge, orthopedic as well as neurosurgical disciplines and surgical skills would be mandatory. Neurosurgeons can have several advantages for spinal deformity surgeries. By high-level technical ability of the spinal cord handling to preserve neurological function and familiarity with microscopic surgery, better synergistic effect could be expected. A fundamental understanding of pediatric spinal deformity and growing spine should be needed for spinal deformity surgery.

Spinal Deformity Surgery : It Becomes an Essential Part of Neurosurgery

Among the spinal disorders, the treatment approach for spinal deformities has been discussed least among department of neurosurgery. But nowadays, more and more neurosurgeons are interested in spinal deformities as well as complex spinal disorders and are doing not a few surgeries for these kinds of disease. Nevertheless, it is mandatory to understand the course of spinal deformity, principles of treatment, and surgical outcomes and complications. Understanding of the biology, biomechanics and metallurgy of the spine and instrumentation are also required for successful spinal deformity surgery. We need senior mentors and good surgical and neurophysiologic monitoring team. Knowledge of spinal deformity may be augmented with spine fellowships and surgical experience. Step by step training such as basic knowledge, orthopedic as well as neurosurgical disciplines and surgical skills would be mandatory. Neurosurgeons can have several advantages for spinal deformity surgeries. By high-level technical ability of the spinal cord handling to preserve neurological function and familiarity with microscopic surgery, better synergistic effect could be expected. A fundamental understanding of pediatric spinal deformity and growing spine should be needed for spinal deformity surgery.

Construção e desconstrução das identidades masculinas entre trabalhadores metalúrgicos acometidos de LER/DORT / Construction and deconstruction of masculine identities among metalworkers with RSI/WRMD / Construcción y deconstrucción de las identidades masculinas entre trabajadores metalúrgicos que sufren LER/DORT

Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender como trabalhadores metalúrgicos vivenciam a incapacidade prolongada para o trabalho por lesões por esforços repetitivos/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (LER/DORT) e o impacto do adoecimento crônico na construção/desconstrução da masculinidade. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo baseado em entrevistas narrativas com homens metalúrgicos de um complexo automotivo no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Os resultados revelaram como o conflito da experiência de adoecimento, a tentativa de manutenção da identidade masculina, bem como as expectativas de cumprir as regras ditadas pela masculinidade hegemônica são vivenciadas e significadas no cotidiano. A experiência de adoecimento dos metalúrgicos com LER/DORT se expressa na incapacitação para o trabalho, desconstrução da autoimagem, perda da identidade coletiva, desconstrução do self e interdição do futuro. Conclui-se que a masculinidade hegemônica expõe os homens a mais riscos em saúde, cumpre papel mediador do adoecimento no trabalho, altera trajetórias de cuidado e explica a resistência dos homens em procurar ajuda.

Abstract: This study aimed to reveal how metalworkers experience prolonged incapacity for work due to repetitive strain injury/work-related musculoskeletal disorder (RSI/WRMD) and the impact of chronic illness on the construction/deconstruction of masculinity. A qualitative study was performed, based on narrative interviews with male metalworkers in an automotive factory in the State of Bahia, Brazil. The results showed how the conflict in the experience of illness, the maintenance of male identity, and expectations of meeting the rules dictated by hegemonic masculinity are experienced and signified in daily life. Metalworkers' experience of illness with RSI/WRMD is expressed in their incapacity for work, deconstruction of self-esteem, loss of collective identity, and interruption of future prospects. In conclusion, hegemonic masculinity exposes men to more health risks, plays a mediating role in work-related illness, alters trajectories of care, and explains men's unwillingness to seek help.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo viven la incapacidad prolongada para el trabajo, debido a lesiones por esfuerzos repetitivos y trastornos osteo muscular relacionados con el trabajo (LER/DORT), los trabajadores metalúrgicos, así como su impacto en el padecimiento crónico y en la construcción/deconstrucción de la masculinidad. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, basado en entrevistas narrativas con hombres del sector metalúrgico de un complejo automovilístico en el estado de Bahía, Brasil. Los resultados revelaron cómo el conflicto de la experiencia del padecimiento, el mantenimiento de su identidad masculina, así como las expectativas de cumplir las reglas dictadas por la masculinidad hegemónica se viven y se manifiestan en el día a día. La experiencia de padecimiento de los trabajadores metalúrgicos con LER/DORT se expresa en la incapacitación para el trabajo, deconstrucción de la autoimagen, pérdida de la identidad colectiva, deconstrucción del self y la ausencia de perspectivas de futuro. Se concluye que la masculinidad hegemónica expone a los hombres a más riesgos en salud, cumple un papel mediador de la enfermedad en el trabajo, altera trayectorias de cuidado y explica la resistencia de los hombres a buscar ayuda.

Queixas osteomusculares dos trabalhadores e condições biomecânicas no trabalho em metalúrgica de alumínio / Worker's musculoskeletal complaints and biomechanical work conditions in an aluminium smelter

Introdução: O alumínio é um metal proveniente da bauxita, sendo o Brasil um importante produtor mundial. Estudos descrevem distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho entre trabalhadores que transformam o alumínio em produto para consumo. Objetivo: Avaliar as condições ergonômicas e as queixas osteomusculares em trabalhadores metalúrgicos de alumínio. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em indústria transformadora de alumínio na cidade de Embu das Artes, São Paulo. Foram aplicados checklists para a avaliação simplificada do risco de lombalgia e para a avaliação simplificada do risco de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de membros superiores relacionados ao trabalho no setor de coquilha da empresa. Os 38 trabalhadores do setor responderam ao Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares (QNSO). Resultados: O posto de trabalho apresenta um risco moderado para agravamento/desencadeamento de lombalgia e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de membros superiores relacionados ao trabalho. Nos últimos 12 meses, 15,8% dos trabalhadores se queixaram de dores lombares, e, nos últimos sete dias, 5,3% relataram queixas de dores em punhos/mãos/dedos. Conclusão: Condições biomecânicas do trabalho podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de queixas osteomusculares. A gestão dos riscos ocupacionais nesse ramo industrial se faz necessária para promover produtividade e qualidade de vida entre os trabalhadores.

Background: Aluminum is a metal from bauxite and Brazil is a major producer worldwide. Studies describe work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in aluminum industry. Objectives: Evaluating ergonomic conditions and musculoskeletal complaints among workers in aluminum metallurgy. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in manufacturing aluminum in Embu das Artes, São Paulo. Checklists were applied to simplified evaluation of the risk of low back pain and simplified evaluation of the risk of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs related to work in a specific sector. The 38-sector workers answered to the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Results: The ergonomic conditions present moderate risk for low back pain and upper limb disorders. In the last 12 months, 15.8% of workers complained of back pain and in the last seven days, 5.3% of workers reported complaints of pain in wrists/hands/fingers. Conclusion: Biomechanical conditions of work can be related to musculoskeletal complaints. The management of occupational hazards in this branch of industry is needed to promote productivity and quality of life among workers.

Determinação dos níveis de exposição de metais em trabalhadores da construção naval: impactos e desafios / Determining levels of exposure to metals in shipbuilding employees: impacts and challenges

Objetivo: Determinar os níveis de metais (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) em amostras ambientais e biológicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 17 trabalhadores de um estaleiro de grande porte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, com tempo na função laboral de pelo menos 3 anos. A pesquisa foi realizada entre 2012 e o primeiro semestre de 2013. Resultados: Os níveis dos metais nos trabalhadores pesquisados foram menores que os considerados críticos pelas legislações. Os cenários avaliados foram consoantes com a literatura científica, que apresenta exemplos de sucesso na iniciativa de diminuir a exposição a metais de trabalhadores da indústria naval. Por outro lado, também, evidenciou a pesquisa que os trabalhadores desenvolvem grande parte de suas práticas em situações perigosas, potencializando as possibilidades de acidentes e outras intercorrências na saúde, deflagrados pelo trabalho a curto ou longo prazo. Conclusões: Os profissionais estudados deixam clara a insatisfação com as condições de trabalho e constrangimentos provocados em sua organização. O cenário atual da indústria naval no Brasil é de crescimento, porém, apesar do otimismo com investimentos no setor, pouco tem sido investido na melhoria das condições de trabalho e na criação de políticas públicas eficientes para a saúde dos trabalhadores navais.

Objective: To determine levels of metals (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) in environmental and biological samples. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 17 workers of a large shipbuilding of the State of Rio de Janeiro aged between 18 and 65 years, with time in work function of at least 3 years. The survey was conducted between 2012 and the first half of 2013. Results: The levels of metals in workers surveyed were smaller than those considered critical by the laws. The scenarios evaluated were consonant with the scientific literature that shows examples of successful initiative to reduce exposure to metal workers of the shipbuilding industry. On the other side, the survey also showed that employees develop much of their practices in dangerous situations, increasing the chances of accidents and other health complications, triggered by work in the short or long term. Conclusion: The evaluated workers make clear their dissatisfaction with laboral conditions and constraints caused in their organization. The current scenario of the shipbuilding industry in Brazil is growing, however, despite the optimism with investments in the sector; little has been invested in improving the working conditions and the creation of efficient public policies for the health of shipbuilding workers.

"Eles determinam, nós produzimos": subjetividades capturadas pelo trabalho metalmecânico / "Ellos determinan, nosotros producimos": subjetividades capturadas por el trabajo metalmecánico / "They determine, we produce": subjectivities captured by metal-mechanic working

O aumento das patologias relacionadas ao trabalho tem despertado o interesse de profissionais de diferentes áreas para investigar as questões relacionadas à saúde mental dos trabalhadores. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a organização do trabalho na indústria metalmecânica e suas interfaces com a saúde mental dos trabalhadores. Orientada teoricamente pela Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, a pesquisa teve um delineamento exploratório-descritivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Participaram do estudo oito trabalhadores residentes na região de Caxias do Sul-RS. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e os resultados apontaram que a organização do trabalho metalúrgico é caracterizada por rígidos controles, por intensa produtividade, por excelência na qualidade e pela busca exaustiva por resultados. Conclui-se que estes elementos afetam significativamente a saúde mental dos trabalhadores, aumentando os riscos e os danos à sua saúde.

El aumento de las patologías relacionadas al trabajo ha despertado el interés de profesionales de diferentes áreas para investigar las cuestiones relacionadas a la salud mental de los trabajadores. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la organización del trabajo en la industria metalmecánica y sus interfaces con la salud mental de los trabajadores. Orientada teóricamente por la Psicodinámica del Trabajo, la investigación tuvo un diseño exploratorio-descriptivo. La recolección de datos fue realizada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Participaron del estudio ocho trabajadores que viven en la región de Caxias do Sul - RS. Los datos recolectados fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido y sus resultados mostraron que la organización del trabajo metalúrgico es caracterizada por rígidos controles, por intensa productividad, por excelencia en la calidad y por la búsqueda exhaustiva de resultados. Se concluye que estos elementos afectan de forma significativa la salud mental de los trabajadores, aumentando el riesgo y los daños a su salud.

The increase in the number of work related pathologies has awoken the interest of professionals from different area to investigate issues related to employees' mental health. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the work organization of the metal-mechanics industry and its relations with the employees' mental health. Theoretically oriented by the Psychodynamics of Work, this research has an exploratory-descriptive outline. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Eight employees who live in the region of Caxias do Sul, in the south of Brazil, participated in the study. The data have been submitted to content analysis and the results have shown that the metallurgic work organization is characterized by rigid controls, intense productivity, excellence in quality and exhaustive focus on results. The conclusion is that these elements significantly affect the employees' mental health, increasing the risks and the damages to the workers' health.

Manual de buenas prácticas: industria metalmecánica / Good practices handbook for the metalworking industry

Este manual propone una guía de buenas prácticas para la prevención de los riesgos del trabajo, la protección y la promoción de la salud, destinada a los trabajadores y empleadores de la actividad metalmecánica. Es fruto del trabajo conjunto de los actores sociales involucrados que conformaron la Comisión Cuatripartita de la Actividad Metalmecánica, en el marco del ProNaPre ­Programa Nacional de Prevención- que lanzó la SRT en el año 2013. Al cabo de un año de intensas reuniones y trabajo de cambo en los establecimientos, la Comisión elaboró el presente Manual. Junto a la SRT integran la Mesa Cuatripartita a Nivel Nacional: el Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social de la Nación (MTEySS), la Asociación de Industriales Metalúrgicos de la República Argentina (ADIMRA), el Sindicato de Mecánicos y Afines del Transporte Automotor (SMATA), la Unión de Aseguradoras de Riesgos del Trabajo (UART) y la empresa ALUAR, que ha tenido una activa participación

Occupational Exposure to Indium of Indium Smelter Workers / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Case reports of indium-related lung disease in workers have raised public concern to the human toxicity of indium (In) and its compounds. However, studies evaluating the exposure or health of workers in In smelting plants are rare. Therefore, in this study, we focused on four In smelting plants, with the main objective of characterizing In in smelter plants in China and discussing the potential exposure biomarkers of In exposure. We recruited 494 subjectsat four In smelting plants in China. Personal air samples, first morning urine and spot blood samples were collected. In concentrations in samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In concentrations in air samples did not exceed the permissible concentration-time weighed average, but the smelter workers had a higher internal exposure to In. Positive correlations were observed between the air In and urine In concentrations, and between the air In and blood In concentrations. This study provides basic data for the following In exposure and health risk assessment.

Stability of smooth and rough mini-implants: clinical and biomechanical evaluation - an in vivostudy

Objective: To compare in vivo orthodontic mini-implants (MI) of smooth (machined) and rough (acid etched) surfaces, assessing primary and secondary stability.Methods:Thirty-six (36) MI were inserted in the mandibles of six (6) dogs. Each animal received six (6) MI. In the right hemiarch, three (3) MI without surface treatment (smooth) were inserted, whereas in the left hemiarch, another three (3) MI with acid etched surfaces (rough) were inserted. The two distal MI in each hemiarch received an immediate load of 1.0 N for 16 weeks, whereas the MI in the mesial extremity was not subject to loading. Stability was measured by insertion and removal torque, initial and final mobility and by inter mini-implant distance.Results:There was no statistical behavioral difference between smooth and rough MI. High insertion torque and reduced initial mobility were observed in all groups, as well as a reduction in removal torques in comparison with insertion torque. Rough MI presented higher removal torque and lower final mobility in comparison to smooth MI. MI did not remain static, with displacement of rough MI being smaller in comparison with smooth MI, but with no statistical difference.Conclusions:MI primary stability was greater than stability measured at removal. There was no difference in stability between smooth and rough MI when assessing mobility, displacement and insertion as well as removal torques.

Objetivo: comparar, in vivo, mini-implantes (MI) com superfície lisa (usinada) e porosa (tratada com ácido), avaliando sua estabilidade primária e secundária.Métodos:trinta e seis MI foram inseridos na mandíbula de seis cães, e cada animal recebeu seis MI. Na hemiarcada direita, foram inseridos três MI sem tratamento da superfície (liso); na esquerda, outros três com a superfície tratada com ácido (poroso). Os dois MI distais de cada hemiarcada receberam carga imediata de 1,0N durante dezesseis semanas, e o MI da extremidade mesial não recebeu carregamento. A estabilidade foi medida pelos torques de inserção e de remoção, pela mobilidade inicial e final, e pela distância inter-MI.Resultados:não houve diferença estatística do comportamento entre os MI lisos e porosos. No entanto, observou-se torque de inserção elevado e mobilidade inicial reduzida em todos os grupos. Para todos os grupos, houve redução dos torques de remoção, em relação ao de inserção. Os MI porosos apresentaram maior torque de remoção e menor mobilidade final, em relação aos MI lisos. Os MI não permaneceram estáticos, sendo o deslocamento dos MI porosos menor em relação aos MI lisos, mas sem diferença estatística.Conclusões:a estabilidade primária dos MI foi maior do que a estabilidade medida na sua remoção; não houve diferença na estabilidade entre os MI lisos e porosos ao avaliar-se a mobilidade, o deslocamento e os torques de inserção e remoção.

Nickel exposure to A549 cell damage and L-ascorbic acid interference effect / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Studying different concentrations of nickel smelting smoke subjects of human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) carcinogenic effects, discusses the influence of L-ascorbic acid protection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The A549 cells were divided into experimental and L-ascorbic acid in the intervention group. Plus exposure group concentration of nickel refining dusts were formulated 0.00, 6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00, 100.00 µg/ml suspension, the intervention group on the basis of the added exposure group containing L-ascorbic acid (100 mmol/L), contact 24 h. Detection of cell viability by MTT assay. When the test substance concentration select 0.00, 25.00, 50.00, 100.00 µg/ml experiment for internal Flou-3 fluorescent probe to detect cell Ca²⁺ concentration, within DCFH-DA detect intracellular reactive oxygen (ROS) content, real-time quantitative PCR (real time, in the RT-PCR) was used to detect cell HIF-1α gene expression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the increase of concentration, subjects increased cell growth inhibition rate, intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration increases, ROS content increased, HIF-1α gene expression increased, differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). After L-ascorbic acid intervention treatment, the results of the intervention group were lower than that of the experimental group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), so L-ascorbic acid can effectively protect the nickel exposure damage to cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With subjects following exposure to nickel concentration increased, its effect on A549 cell damage increases, L-ascorbic acid cell damage caused by nickel has certain protective effect.</p>

Analyses on the characteristics and the trends of pneumoconiosis notified between 2001 and 2012 in Hebei Province / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the incidence, development and death of pneumoconiosis reported in Hebei from 2001 to 2012 and investigate the epidemiological trends and characteristics of pneumoconiosis to provide basic data for formulating the guidelines and policies for control of pneumoconiosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Hebei database of new cases of pneumoconiosis reposed from 2001 to 2012 were subjected to systematic arrangement. Clean data and descriptive analysis using SPSS 17.0. The statistical indices included number of new and death pneumoconiosis cases in each year.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From 2001 to 2012 a total of 4558 new cases of pneumoconiosis were reported. The situation was same to coal-workers' pneumoconiosis and silicosis. (2) The pneumoconiosis cases were distributed mainly in the city of Tang Shan, Cheng De, Zhang Jia Kou and Han Dan (88.24%). (3) Most cases were centerred in coal industry, metallurgical industry, nonferrous metals industry, architectural material industry and light industry. (4) The mean age of onset in new cases was shorted each year for silicosis, coal-workers' pneumoconiosis, potter pneumoconiosis and electric welder pneumoconiosis, especially for 2010 to 2012 (9 years). (5) The work types of these cases mainly included drilling (26.72%), mining as the main work (6.67%), hybrid coal mine work (6.95%), molding worker (5.24%) and berterring worker (4.82%). (6) The new cases of pneumoconiosis reposed from 2001 to 2012 were diagnosissed I (3415, 74.92%), II (782, 17.16%), III (361, 7.92%). (7) The death cases of pneumoconiosis reposed from 2001 to 2012 were 1182, most of them were distributed mainly in the city of Tang Shan, Cheng De, Zhang Jia Kou and Han Dan (88.24%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The incidence of pneumoconiosis is still high: the new cases of pneumoconiosis is still rising. The mean age of onset in new cases was shorted each year. The new cases of pneumoconiosis reposed from 2001 to 2012 were diagnosed II was above 25%. The prevention and control of pneumoconiosis should be enhanced in key industries and for people engaging in key regions, industries, types of work according to the epidemiological characteristics of pneumoconiosis. Most cases were centerred in coal-workers' pneumoconiosis and silicosis.</p>

Capacidad ventilatoria forzada en trabajadores de una empresa metalúrgica en la Región Central del Perú 2012 / Forced ventilatory capacity in workers of a metallurgical company in the central region of Peru 2012

El estudio se realizó en la ciudad de La Oroya, capital de la Provincia de Yauli, en el Departamento de Junín a 3730 m.s.n.m., en las instalaciones del Centro Médico de Chulec perteneciente a la Empresa Doe Run Perú S.R.L. en trabajadores de la fundición del Complejo Metalúrgico, quienes participaron en forma voluntaria. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad ventilatoria de los trabajadores de una empresa metalúrgica que laboran en zona de altura en la región central del Perú; según los indicadores espirométricos siguientes: Capacidad Vital Forzada (CVF), Volumen Espiratorio Forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1), relación entre Volumen Espiratorio Forzado en el primer segundo sobre la Capacidad Vital Forzada (VEF1/CVF), y el Flujo Espiratorio Pico de las siglas en inglés (PEF). La investigación servirá de aproximación a los valores de referencia, para trabajadores en zona de altura en el Perú. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en 385 trabajadores nativos o con un tiempo de residencia igual o mayor a 5 años, cuyas edades fueron entre 20 a 60 años, y a quienes se les practicó la prueba de espirometría forzada para determinar la capacidad funcional respiratoria, en base a los criterios de la Sociedad Americana de Tórax (ATS). Resultados: Los valores fueron los siguientes: Capacidad Vital Forzada: 4.83 l/s, el Volumen Espiratorio Forzado al primer segundo fue de: 4.02 l/s, la relación FEV1/FVC fue de 83.45 por ciento, y el Flujo Espiratorio Pico fue de 9.46 l/s. Conclusión: El 94.6 por ciento de los trabajadores evaluados, la Capacidad Vital Forzada estaba dentro de rangos normales. Un 5.2 por ciento de la población estudiada es portadora de procesos obstructivos leves, y el 0.2 por ciento es portadora de probable proceso restrictivo...

This study was conducted in the city of La Oroya, capital of the Province of Yauli, Department of Junín located at 3730 meters above sea level. The study took place in the installations of the Medical Center Chulee which belongs to the company Doe Run Peru SRL. The workers of the Metallurgical Complex voluntarily participated. Objective: To determine the ventilatory capacity of workers in a metallurgical company performing their work at high altitudes in the central region of Peru. According to the following spirometric indicators: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume ratio in the first second of the FVC (FEV1) / FVC, and peak expiratory flow the acronym (PEF). The research will approach the reference values for workers in the highlands in Peru. Methodology: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study involved 385 native workers with a residence time equal to or more than five years. The ages were between 20-60 years and the participants underwent spirometry testing to determine the respiratory function, based on the criteria of the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Results: The values were the following: Forced Vital Capacity, FVC: 4.83 l/s, the forced expiratory volume at the first second was 4.02 l/s, The FEV1/FVC ratio was 83.45 per cent, and the peak expiratory flow was 9.46 l/s. Conclusion: 94.6 per cent of workers evaluated showed their FVC within normal ranges. 5.2 per cent of the studied population are carriers of mild obstructive processes, and 0.2 per cent are carriers of a likely restrictive process...

Dynamic Changes in DNA Damage and Repair Biomarkers with Employment Length among Nickel Smelting Workers / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Our study explored the dynamic changes in and the relationship between the DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and the DNA repair marker 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosidase 1 (hOGG1) according to the length of occupational employment in nickel smelting workers. One hundred forty nickel-exposed smelting workers and 140 age-matched unexposed office workers were selected from the Jinchang cohort. The 8-OHdG levels in smelting workers was significantly higher than in office workers (Z=-8.688, P<0.05) and the 8-OHdG levels among nickel smelting workers in the 10-14 y employment length category was significantly higher than among all peers. The hOGG1 levels among smelting workers were significantly lower than those of non-exposed workers (Z=-8.948, P<0.05). There were significant differences between employment length and hOGG1 levels, with subjects employed in nickel smelting for 10-14 y showing the highest levels of hOGG1. Correlation analysis showed positive correlations between 8-OHdG and hOGG1 levels (r=0.413; P<0.01). DNA damage was increased with employment length among nickel smelting workers and was related to the inhibition of hOGG1 repair capacity.

The first private-hospital based proton therapy center in Korea; status of the Proton Therapy Center at Samsung Medical Center

PURPOSE: The purpose of this report is to describe the proton therapy system at Samsung Medical Center (SMC-PTS) including the proton beam generator, irradiation system, patient positioning system, patient position verification system, respiratory gating system, and operating and safety control system, and review the current status of the SMC-PTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SMC-PTS has a cyclotron (230 MeV) and two treatment rooms: one treatment room is equipped with a multi-purpose nozzle and the other treatment room is equipped with a dedicated pencil beam scanning nozzle. The proton beam generator including the cyclotron and the energy selection system can lower the energy of protons down to 70 MeV from the maximum 230 MeV. RESULTS: The multi-purpose nozzle can deliver both wobbling proton beam and active scanning proton beam, and a multi-leaf collimator has been installed in the downstream of the nozzle. The dedicated scanning nozzle can deliver active scanning proton beam with a helium gas filled pipe minimizing unnecessary interactions with the air in the beam path. The equipment was provided by Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd., RayStation from RaySearch Laboratories AB is the selected treatment planning system, and data management will be handled by the MOSAIQ system from Elekta AB. CONCLUSION: The SMC-PTS located in Seoul, Korea, is scheduled to begin treating cancer patients in 2015.

Lean production e riscos psicossociais: o caso de uma fusão multinacional de grupo metalmecânico no Brasil / Lean production and psychosocial risks: the case of a multinational merger in a metallurgical company in Brazil / Lean production y riesgos psicosociales: el caso de una fusión dentro un grupo metalmecánico en Brasil

Estudamos o método denominado lean production como um dos elementos associados com riscos psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho em empresa multinacional de autopeças após sua fusão com outras multinacionais. Analisamos qualitativamente dois momentos: o primeiro por meio de observação local e entrevistas-chave com gerentes e trabalhadores, quando da implantação do lean production em 1996; o seguinte, confrontando 16 anos mais tarde dados de pesquisa documental em registros de inspeção de condições de trabalho elaborado pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego e procedimentos judiciais iniciados pelo Ministério Público do Trabalho. A fusão implicou demissões, substituições e aumentos da jornada de trabalho. Houve a abertura de Ação Civil Pública suscitada pela piora das condições de trabalho. O novo modelo produtivo trouxe riscos psicossociais que reforçaram a necessidade da precaução em saúde do trabalhador quando mudanças no processo produtivo introduziram novos e maiores riscos de doenças físicas e mentais.

This study focused on the method known as “lean production” as a work-related psychosocial risk factor in a Brazilian multinational auto parts company after its merger with other multinational companies. The authors conducted a qualitative analysis of two time points: the first using on-site observation and key interviews with managers and workers during implementation of lean production in 1996; the second, 16 years later, comparing data from a document search in labor inspection records from the Ministry of Labor and Employment and legal proceedings initiated by the Office of the Public Prosecutor for Labor Affairs. The merger led to layoffs, replacements, and an increase in the workday. A class action suit was filed on grounds of aggravated working conditions. The new production model led to psychosocial risks that increased the need for workers’ health precautions when changes in the production process introduced new and increased risks of physical and mental illnesses.

Estudiamos el método llamado lean production como uno de los elementos asociados con riesgos relacionados con el trabajo en una empresa multinacional de autopartes, después de su fusión con otras multinacionales. Analizamos cualitativamente dos momentos: el primero por observación local, y entrevistas clave con directores y trabajadores, cuando se produjo la implantación del lean production en 1996; el siguiente, 16 años más tarde, comparando datos de investigación documental en registros de inspección de las condiciones de trabajo hechas por el Ministerio del Trabajo y Empleo y también procedimientos judiciales iniciados por el Ministerio Público del Trabajo. La fusión implicó despidos, sustituciones y aumentos de las jornadas de trabajo. Se inició un procedimiento sancionador público, debido al empeoramiento de las condiciones de trabajo. El nuevo modelo productivo acarreó riesgos psicosociales que aumentaron la necesidad de prevención en salud del trabajador, cuando los cambios en el proceso productivo introducen nuevos y mayores riesgos de enfermedades físicas y mentales.

Mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi wires used in orthodontic treatment. Part 2: Microscopic surface appraisal and metallurgical characteristics

OBJECTIVE: This research aimed at comparing the qualitative chemical compositions and the surface morphology of fracture regions of eight types of Nickel (Ni) Titanium (Ti) conventional wires, superelastic and heat-activated (GAC, TP, Ormco, Masel, Morelli and Unitek), to the wires with addition of copper (CuNiTi 27oC and 35oC, Ormco) after traction test. METHODS: The analyses were performed in a scanning electronic microscope (JEOL, model JSM-5800 LV) with EDS system of microanalysis (energy dispersive spectroscopy). RESULTS : The results showed that NiTi wires presented Ni and Ti as the main elements of the alloy with minimum differences in their composition. The CuNiTi wires, however, presented Ni and Ti with a significant percentage of copper (Cu). As for surface morphology, the wires that presented the lowest wire-surface roughness were the superelastic ones by Masel and Morelli, while those that presented the greatest wire-surface roughness were the CuNiTi 27oC and 35oC ones by Ormco, due to presence of microcavity formed as a result of pulling out some particles, possibly of NiTi. 4 The fracture surfaces presented characteristics of ductile fracture, with presence of microcavities. The superelastic wires by GAC and the CuNiTi 27oC and the heat-activated ones by Unitek presented the smallest microcavities and the lowest wire-surface roughness with regard to fracture, while the CuNiTi 35oC wires presented inadequate wire-surface roughness in the fracture region. CONCLUSION: CuNiTi 35oC wires did not present better morphologic characteristics in comparison to the other wires with regard to surfaces and fracture region. .

OBJETIVO: objetivou-se nessa pesquisa comparar as composições químicas qualitativas e as morfologias das superfícies e das regiões de fratura, após ensaios de tração, de oito tipos de fios de NiTi superelásticos e termoativados convencionais (GAC, TP, Ormco, Masel, Morelli e Unitek) aos fios com adição de cobre (CuNiTi 27°C e 35°C, da Ormco). MÉTODOS: as análises foram realizadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (JEOL, modelo JSM-5800 LV) com sistema de microanálise EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). RESULTADOS: os resultados mostraram que os fios de NiTi ensaiados apresentaram Ni e Ti como os principais elementos da liga, com diferenças mínimas em suas composições. Os fios de CuNiTi, por sua vez, apresentaram Ni e Ti, com percentual significativo de cobre (Cu). Em relação às morfologias das superfícies, os fios que apresentaram os melhores acabamentos foram os superelásticos da Masel e Morelli, e os que apresentaram os piores acabamentos foram os de CuNiTi 27°C e 35°C, da Ormco, graças à presença de microcavidades formadas devido ao arrancamento de partículas, possivelmente de NiTi 4 . As superfícies de fratura apresentaram características de fratura dúctil, com a presença de microcavidades. Os fios superelásticos da GAC e de CuNiTi 27°C, bem como os termoativados da Unitek, apresentaram as menores microcavidades e os melhores acabamentos à fratura, enquanto os fios de CuNiTi 35° apresentaram acabamentos inadequados das regiões de fratura. CONCLUSÃO: os fios de CuNiTi 35°C não apresentaram características morfológicas mais adequadas das superfícies e das regiões de fratura em relação aos demais fios. .

Oxidative damage of NIH/3T3 cells induced by nickel smelting fumes / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the cytotoxicity and oxidative damage on NIH/3T3 cells induced by nickel smelting fume.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>NIH/3T3 cells were treated with nickel smelting fume collected from a nickel smelting factory in China with doses of 0, 6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00, and 100.00 µg/ml for 6 h. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity in cells were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), natural red uptake assay, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay, and the level of oxidative damage was assessed based on the activity of catalase (CAT), percentage inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and content of malonaldehyde (MDA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The relative survival of NIH/3T3 cells decreased with the increase in the dose of nickel smelting fume. In the CCK-8 assay, the group with 100 µg/ml nickel smelting fume showed a cell growth inhibition rate of 86%, with a significant difference compared with the control group (P < 0.05). LDH activity increased with increasing dose of nickel smelting fume: the groups of 12.50, 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml nickel smelting fume all showed increased LDH activities as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The activities of CAT were significantly reduced in groups of 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml nickel smelting fume as compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). As the dose of nickel smelting fume increased, the percentage inhibition of SOD and the content of MDA increased, with significant differences compared with the control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oxidative damage may be induced in NIH/3T3 cells after 6 h of exposure to nickel smelting fume, which leads to cell death.</p>

Effect of hOGG1 expression level on oxidative DNA damage among workers exposed to nickel in stainless steel production environment / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the excision repair capacity of human 8-oxoguanine DNA N-glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) for 8-OH-dG and the oxidative DNA damage among workers exposed to nickel in stainless steel production environment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 231 workers exposed to nickel in a stainless steel production enterprise were recruited as nickel exposure group, and another 75 water pump workers in that enterprise were recruited as control group. The workplace occupational hazard factors were determined. Double-antigen sandwich ELISA was used to determine urinary 8-OH-dG level; RT-PCR was used to determine hOGG1 mRNA level. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between urinary 8-OH-dG level and hOGG1 mRNA level.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Level of 8-OH-dG was compared between different types of nickel-exposed workers and control workers; rolling mill workers showed no significant difference from the control group (P > 0.05), while steel making workers and steel slag disposing workers showed significant differences from the control group (P < 0.05). Level of 8-OH-dG was also compared between nickel-exposed workers with different working years and control workers; nickel-exposed workers with 0∼5 and 6∼10 working years showed no significant differences from the control group (P > 0.05), while other exposed workers showed significant differences from the control group (P < 0.05). Different types of nickel-exposed workers all showed significant differences from the control group in hOGG1 mRNA level (P < 0.05). Nickel-exposed workers with 0∼5 working years showed no significant difference from the control group in hOGG1 mRNA level (P > 0.05), while other exposed workers showed significant differences from the control group (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that urinary 8-OH-dG level was positively correlated with hOGG1 mRNA level (r = 0.993) in different types of nickel-exposed workers, and the correlation was significant at α = 0.01 (P < 0.05); urinary 8-OH-dG level also showed a positive correlation with hOGG1 mRNA level in nickel-exposed workers with different working years (r = 0.968), and the correlation was significant at α = 0.01 (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Exposure to nickel increases oxidative DNA damage among steel workers, and hOGG1 shows active excision repair capacity for 8-OH-dG.</p>